The Autism Spectrum: Causes, Symptoms, and Effective Treatments
Armita Hosseini
M.Ed., M.A., C. Psych., Assoc
Armita Hosseini is a registered psychological associate with the College of Psychologists of Ontario. She received her Master of Education in Counselling Psychology from Western University (2013) and Masters of Clinical-Developmental Psychology at York University (2015).
Autism Spectrum Disorder is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by social and communication deficits and restricted, repetitive, and stereotyped patterns of behavior. This disorder is more prevalent in boys and more often diagnosed in boys/men than in girls/females.
Although the cause of autism spectrum disorder is unknown, research suggests that both genetic and environmental factors play a role. Early diagnosis and intervention are critical for children with autism spectrum disorder, as they can lead to significantly improved social-emotional outcomes.
There is no one-size-fits-all approach to treating autism spectrum disorder, as each individual’s needs are unique. However, there are a number of effective treatments available that can improve functioning, build skills and thus, lead to full and independent lives.
What is the autism spectrum?
The autism spectrum is a neurodevelopmental condition that is caused by chemical and structural brain imbalances.
Individuals diagnosed with autism can have difficulties with communication, social interaction and understanding abstract social cues and concepts. They may have difficulty understanding others’ perspectives and difficulty interpreting nonverbal communication, such as facial expressions and tone of voices. Additionally, they may also have difficulty with making and maintaining friends and other connections.
Individuals who demonstrate symptoms of the autism spectrum may differ in the type of challenges they experience and their ways of coping with those challenges. While some people may have difficulty communicating, others may have difficulty understanding certain concepts or participating in activities that involve social interactions.
Individuals with autism may also exhibit oversensitivity or hyposensitivity to sensory input, as well as repetitive behaviors. Treatment of autism spectrum disorder typically involves behavioral interventions, educational support, and coaching to improve social and communication abilities.
Causes of autism spectrum disorder
The cause of autism spectrum disorder is not entirely understood. It is believed that the disorder may be caused by a combination of genetic, neurological, and environmental factors.
Genetic factors are thought to play a role in autism spectrum disorder. Studies suggest that a handful of genes may be disruptively mutated to cause autism spectrum disorder, although these gene mutations are rare.
The other cause of Autism is neurological factors. Imaging studies suggest that certain brain structures look different in neurodivergent individuals versus neurotypical populations. An imbalance of hormones may also be a factor.
Lastly, from an environmental perspective, complications during pregnancy and birth, low birth weight, and exposure to certain environmental toxins have all been linked to increased risk of developing autism.
Symptoms of autism spectrum disorder
People with autism spectrum disorder can experience a range of presentations which vary in severity and type. Common symptoms include difficulties with social interaction and communication, as well as repetitive behaviors and restricted interests.
Social Symptoms may include:
- Difficulty forming social bonds with others
- Avoiding or difficulty with making eye contact
- Difficulty in understanding and interpreting expressions and body language (e.g., nuanced gestures)
- Inability or difficulty to pick up on social cues
Communication Symptoms:
- Difficulty expressing social and emotional needs
- Struggling to find the right words (e.g., expression of feelings)
- Inconsistent use of facial expressions and gestures
- Repetitive use of words or phrases
Repetitive Behaviors and Restricted Interests:
- Unusual preoccupation with certain topics, or characters
- Obsessive interest in specific objects
- Repetitive movements (such as hand flapping, rocking, or spinning)
- Intense sensory interests (such as sniffing or staring at objects)
- Rigidity and difficulties with change and transitions.
Early intervention and effective treatments
Early intervention and ensuring that individuals on the autism spectrum receive effective treatment is essential in helping to improve social, communication, and daily living skills.
Early intervention services can involve a range of approaches, such as occupational therapy, speech and language therapy, physical therapy, and behavioral therapy. Special supports and services may also be available for children who have an autism spectrum disorder diagnosis.
Behavioral therapies are one of the most common treatments for autism spectrum disorder. Applied Behavioral Analysis (ABA) is typically the most effective form of behavioral therapy for those with ASD and focuses on coaching appropriate behaviors and reducing unwanted behaviors.
Other methods of treatment may include medications such as antipsychotics, antidepressants, and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). These drugs may help to reduce some other associated symptoms of autism, such as aggression or irritability. Overall, early intervention is key in providing those with autism spectrum disorder the best path forward and assisting them to live the most fulfilled lives.
Completing an assessment can be an important step to move forward
FAQs about autism spectrum disorder
A final word from talk and thrive
In conclusion, individuals on the autism spectrum can experience difficulties in communication and social connections. Many individuals on the autism spectrum achieve successful lives and relationships with the right support and early intervention. This can involve a range of treatments from medications to evidence based therapies, such as Applied Behavioral Analysis (ABA). Thorough research and an accurate diagnosis are necessary to ensure the individual is receiving the most effective and tailored treatment.
It is important for family members and caregivers of individuals on the autism spectrum to understand their individual needs, promote acceptance, and provide support as necessary. With the right support, individuals on the autism spectrum are more likely to reach their full potential in life.
